Clinical presentation. In general, patients are young and are diagnosed before the age of 40 years 9.. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis; Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) Round atelectasis, also known as rounded atelectasis, folded lung or Blesovsky syndrome, is an unusual type of lung atelectasis where there is infolding of a redundant pleura. The aortic knob should be clearly seen. Great vessels / gastric bubble. The size and shape of the cardiac silhouette provide useful clues for underlying disease. Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (historically also known as hypernephroma or Grawitz tumor) are primary malignant adenocarcinomas derived from the renal tubular epithelium and are the most common malignant renal tumor.They usually occur in 50-70-year old patients and macroscopic hematuria occurs in 60% of the cases. by fluid) and thus hypopharynx or parapharyngeal space. vascular occlusion due to angioinvasive aspergillosis).. The cervicothoracic sign is a variation of the silhouette sign on frontal chest radiography used to determine whether a superior (para)mediastinal soft tissue mass is anterior or posterior to the trachea.. A positive cervicothoracic sign occurs when a thoracic lesion contacts the neck or extends into it, thereby obliterating the upper borders of the lesion on This article will broadly discuss all the histological subtypes as a group, focusing on Radiographic features. upper limb: 15-25%. The most common cause is metastases from ovarian, gastric, or colon cancer. In general, patients are young and are diagnosed before the age of 40 years 9.. It is classified as a subtype of interstitial lung disease. It infers an alveolar spread of disease and is most commonly due to pneumonia. tuberculous peritonitis may also give this appearance. lymphoma can present as omental caking, diffuse peritoneal thickening, and ascites, the best clue is significant lymphadenopathy Although uncommon, it can be seen along with several other described signs of pulmonary Individual lobes of the lung may collapse due to obstruction of the supplying bronchus. Silhouette sign is somewhat of a misnomer and in the true sense actually denotes the loss of a silhouette, thus, it is sometimes also known as loss of silhouette sign or loss of outline sign 4.. Asbestosis typically occurs 10-15 years following the commencement of exposure to asbestos and is dose related 3.Heavy asbestos exposure is predominantly encountered among men, as most exposures are occupational in the setting of construction, mining, or ship/automotive industries. It is now considered the most common histological subtype in terms of prevalence, causing 38.5% of all cases 9. enteric - enteric adenocarcinoma of the lung / primary pulmonary enteric adenocarcinoma; Epidemiology. A core biopsy may be helpful if the primary tumor is unknown. Air bronchograms will not be visible if the bronchi themselves are opacified (e.g. For a general discussion please refer to the article on lobar collapse. Epidemiology. Terminology. It is one of the many patterns of lung opacification and is equivalent to the pathological diagnosis of pulmonary consolidation.. From the frontal projection, the cardiac silhouette can be divided into right and left borders: Lobar consolidation is the term used to describe consolidation in one of the lobes of the lung. Check aortic size and shape and the outlines of pulmonary vessels. Pulmonary edema is a broad descriptive term and is usually defined as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular compartments of the lung 1. The incidence of synchronous lung metastasis at initial cancer presentation is about 18 per 100,000, noting this figure does not include metachronous metastases (occurring after initial cancer staging) 8.The incidence is slightly higher in males (20 in 100,000) than females (16 in 100,000) 8.The specific lymphoma can present as omental caking, diffuse peritoneal thickening, and ascites, the best clue is significant lymphadenopathy The neonatal chest radiograph in the exam setting may strike fear into the heart of many radiology registrars, but it need not! Air space opacification is a descriptive term that refers to the filling of the pulmonary tree with material that attenuates x-rays more than the surrounding lung parenchyma.. Epidemiology. A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in a suitable standard electronic format is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository that is supported by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organization that Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a histopathologic and radiologic pattern of interstitial lung disease, which is the hallmark pattern for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).. On imaging, usual interstitial pneumonia usually presents with a lung volume loss and an apicobasal gradient of peripheral septal thickening, bronchiectasis, and honeycombing. Pathology The differential attenuation of x-ray photons by two adjacent structures defines the silhouette, e.g. Hampton hump refers to a dome-shaped, pleural-based opacification in the lung most commonly due to pulmonary embolism and lung infarction (it can also result from other causes of pulmonary infarction (e.g. Implantable cardiac conduction devices (also known as cardiac implantable electronic devices or CIEDs) are a very common medical device of the thorax, with over one million implanted in the United States of America alone.. extremities: 80-95% 1. lower limb: 60-70%. heart borders against the adjacent lung segments, and it is the pathological Lung-RADS (Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System), is a classification proposed to aid with findings in low-dose CT screening exams for lung cancer.The goal of the classification system is to standardize follow-up and management decisions. Epidemiology. It is considered the most common cause of Cardiac silhouette refers to the outline of the heart as seen on frontal and lateral chest radiographs and forms part of the cardiomediastinal contour.. head and neck: 5%. Lung atelectasis (plural: atelectases) refers to collapse or incomplete expansion of pulmonary parenchyma. azygos fissure: most commonly seen accessory fissure; inferior accessory fissure Amiodarone lung is an interstitial lung disease seen in patients being administered the cardiac drug amiodarone and can manifest in a number of histopathologic patterns. Tree-in-bud sign is not generally visible on plain radiographs 2.. Air bronchogram refers to the phenomenon of air-filled bronchi (dark) being made visible by the opacification of surrounding alveoli (grey/white). tongue: rare 9 (synovial sarcoma of the tongue) conjunctiva 3. The system is similar to the Fleischner criteria but designed for the subset of patients intended for low-dose Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by lymphocyte predominant infiltration of the lungs. This entity is most commonly encountered in patients with longstanding asthma, and only occasionally in patients with cystic fibrosis 4,5.. Only rarely does it appear in patients with no other identifiable pulmonary illness 5.. Epidemiology. Lung cancer (primary lung cancer), or frequently if somewhat incorrectly known as bronchogenic carcinoma, is a broad term referring to the main histological subtypes of primary lung malignancies that are mainly linked with inhaled carcinogens, with cigarette smoke being a key culprit. It is considered the most common cause of Bronchiectasis (plural: bronchiectases) is defined as an irreversible abnormal dilatation of the bronchial tree. It is almost always caused by a pathologic airspace/alveolar process, in which something other than air fills the alveoli. The most common cause is metastases from ovarian, gastric, or colon cancer. Radiographic features. Evaluate the hila for lymphadenopathy, calcifications, and masses.The left hilum is normally higher than the right. Right middle lobe collapse (or simply termed middle lobe collapse) has distinctive features, but can be subtle on frontal chest radiographs. As such it is a subtype of atelectasis (collapse is not entirely synonymous with atelectasis, which is a more generic term for 'incomplete expansion'). In radiological studies, it presents as increased attenuation of the Central venous catheters (CVC), also known as central venous lines (CVL), refer to a wide range of catheters that are inserted so that their distal tips lie in a central vein.Central venous access devices can broadly be divided into four categories. They may be inserted by medical, surgical, anesthetic/ICU, or radiology specialists. A core biopsy may be helpful if the primary tumor is unknown. Tubes come in a variety of sizes and have a balloon at the tip to ensure that gastric contents are not aspirated into the lungs.Adult tubes are usually approximately 1 cm in diameter. Right ventricular enlargement (also known as right ventricular dilatation (RVD)) can be the result of a number of conditions, including:. The French terms "envole de ballons" and "lcher de ballons", which translate to "balloons release", are also used to describe this same appearance.Metastases with such an appearance are classically secondary to 1,2: Endotracheal tubes (ETT) are wide-bore plastic tubes that are inserted into the trachea to allow artificial ventilation. It has a variety of underlying causes, with a common etiology of chronic inflammation. There are two major types of cardiac conduction devices: pacemakers and automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators It is usually visible on standard CT, however, it is best seen on HRCT chest. Lung metastases are common. from soft tissues: 90-95%. Some of the more common accessory fissure include 1:. On imaging, they have a variety of Presentation tends to be with progressive shortness of breath and chronic cough 4.Inspiratory crackles are Typically the centrilobular nodules are 2-4 mm in diameter and peripheral, within 5 mm of the pleural surface. Location. Synovial sarcoma is one of the (less common) causes of cannonball metastases to the lung. CNS. from joint: 5-10%. Pulmonary edema is a broad descriptive term and is usually defined as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular compartments of the lung 1. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture.. Lobar collapse refers to the collapse of an entire lobe of the lung. tuberculous peritonitis may also give this appearance. This entity is most commonly encountered in patients with longstanding asthma, and only occasionally in patients with cystic fibrosis 4,5.. Only rarely does it appear in patients with no other identifiable pulmonary illness 5.. pulmonary valve stenosis; pulmonary arterial hypertension; atrial septal defect (ASD) ventricular Pathology. In all cases, respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease is typically associated with heavy tobacco smoking (usually of 30 pack-years or more) and is often seen in young middle-aged patients (30-40 years of age).. Clinical presentation. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an umbrella term that encompasses a large number of disorders that are characterized by diffuse cellular infiltrates in a periacinar location.The spectrum of conditions included is broad, ranging from occasional self-limited inflammatory processes to severe debilitating fibrosis of the lungs. The gastric bubble should be seen clearly and not displaced.. Hila and mediastinum. Cannonball metastases refer to multiple large, well-circumscribed, round pulmonary metastases that appear not unsurprisingly like cannonballs. Accessory fissures of the lung usually occur at the borders of bronchopulmonary segments.They are common normal variants but are less commonly seen on imaging. Differential diagnosis. Epidemiology. Differential diagnosis. 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